I look forward to the occasion when someone makes a conjecture that the rulemaker can neither prove nor provide a counterexample to, then we’ve got ourselves another puzzle to look at together once we’ve found the rule
The conjecture is worded in a way that is a puzzle that is difficult to solve.
The hidden rule makes it difficult to determine whether a board is green or red, or to construct green or red boards that meet certain properties (or to find green or red examples at all).
In the latter case, we might discover it quite quickly when the rule master struggles with labelling grey boards. In the former case, maybe the conjecturer would have to simplify their statements first.
There are countless ways to embed difficult, arcane or computationally expensive problems into rule/conjecture statements.
One example would be to say that the valid koans are optimal solutions to a particular set of board coloring problems.
Not necessarily. A rule may be easier to check than to say that no counter example exist.
For example, the statement “every even integer is the sum of two primes” is easy enough to check for any example, but nobody has succeeded to find a counter example nor prove it. Easy rules may have counter examples to certain situations that are easy to recognise, but very hard to find.