LLL is off-topic they said
Gonna tag this on:
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Today, let’s study Chinese imperial history.
Here is a condensation of the more expansive Wikipedia table at List of Chinese monarchs - Wikipedia.
| Dynasty / Monarch | Timespan | Conte. Western power(s) |
|---|---|---|
| 3 Sovereigns & 5 Emperors 三皇五帝 (legendary) | (trad.) 2852–2070 BCE | Old Kingdom of Egypt, Akkadian Empire |
| 有巢 Yǒucháo | ||
| 燧人 Suìrén | ||
| 伏羲 Fúxī | ||
| 炎帝 Yándì | ||
| 黃帝 Huángdì | ||
| 少昊 Shǎohào | ||
| 顓頊 Zhuānxū | ||
| 帝嚳 Dìkù | ||
| 帝摯 Dìzhì | ||
| 帝堯 Dìyáo | ||
| 帝舜 Dìshùn | ||
| 夏 Xià | (trad.) 2070–1600 BCE | Middle Kingdom of Egypt, Old Assyrian Empire |
| 夏禹 Xià Yǔ | ||
| 夏啟 Xià Qǐ | ||
| 夏太康 Xià Tài Kāng | ||
| 夏仲康 Xià Zhòng Kāng | ||
| 夏相 Xià Xiāng | ||
| 夏少康 Xià Shào Kāng | ||
| 夏杼 Xià Zhù | ||
| 夏槐 Xià Huái | ||
| 夏芒 Xià Máng | ||
| 夏洩 Xià Xiè | ||
| 夏降 Xià Jiàng | ||
| 夏扃 Xià Jiōng | ||
| 夏廑 Xià Jǐn | ||
| 夏孔甲 Xià Kǒng Jiǎ | ||
| 夏皋 Xià Gāo | ||
| 夏發 Xià Fā | ||
| 夏桀 Xià Jié | ||
| 商 Shāng | (trad.) 1600–1046 BCE | New Kingdom of Egypt, Middle Assyrian Empire |
| 商天乙 Shāng Tiān Yǐ | ||
| 商外丙 Shāng Wài Bǐng | ||
| 商仲壬 Shāng Zhòng Rén | ||
| 商太甲 Shāng Tài Jiǎ | ||
| 商沃丁 Shāng Wò Dīng | ||
| 商太庚 Shāng Tài Gēng | ||
| 商小甲 Shāng Xiǎo Jiǎ | ||
| 商雍己 Shāng Yōng Jǐ | ||
| 商太戊 Shāng Tài Wù | ||
| 商仲丁 Shāng Zhòng Dīng | ||
| 商外壬 Shāng Wài Rén | ||
| 商戔甲 Shāng Jiān Jiǎ | ||
| 商祖乙 Shāng Zǔ Yǐ | ||
| 商祖辛 Shāng Zǔ Xīn | ||
| 商沃甲 Shāng Wò Jiǎ | ||
| 商祖丁 Shāng Zǔ Dīng | ||
| 商南庚 Shāng Nán Gēng | ||
| 商陽甲 Shāng Yáng Jiǎ | ||
| 商盤庚 Shāng Pán Gēng | ||
| 商盤庚 Shāng Xiǎo Xīn | ||
| 商小乙 Shāng Xiǎo Yǐ | ||
| 商武丁 Shāng Wǔ Dīng | ||
| 商祖庚 Shāng Zǔ Gēng | ||
| 商祖甲 Shāng Zǔ Jiǎ | ||
| 商廩辛 Shāng Lǐn Xīn | ||
| 商康丁 Shāng Kāng Dīng | ||
| 商武乙 Shāng Wǔ Yǐ | ||
| 商文丁 Shāng Wén Dīng | ||
| 商帝乙 Shāng Dì Yǐ | ||
| 商帝辛 Shāng Di Xin | ||
| 周 Zhōu | 1046–256 BCE | Neo-Assyria, Achaemenids, Alexandrian Empire |
周武王 Zhōu **Wǔ Wáng
周成王 Zhōu Chéng Wáng
周康王 Zhōu Kāng Wáng
周昭王 Zhōu Zhāo Wáng
周穆王 Zhōu Mù Wáng
周共王 Zhōu Gōng Wáng
周懿王 Zhōu Yì (Jiān) Wáng
周孝王 Zhōu Xiào Wáng
周夷王 Zhōu Yí (Xiè) Wáng
周厲王 Zhōu Lì Wáng
周宣王 Zhōu Xuān Wáng
周幽王 Zhōu Yōu Wáng
周平王 Zhōu Ping Wáng
周攜王 Zhōu Xie Wáng
周桓王 Zhōu Huan Wáng
周莊王 Zhōu Zhuang Wáng
周釐王 Zhōu Xi Wáng
周惠王 Zhōu Hui Wáng
周襄王 Zhōu Xiang Wáng
周頃王 Zhōu Qing Wáng
周匡王 Zhōu Kuang Wáng
周定王 Zhōu Ding Wáng
周簡王 Zhōu Jian Wáng
周靈王 Zhōu Ling Wáng
周景王 Zhōu Jing (Gui) Wáng
周悼王 Zhōu Dao Wáng
周敬王 Zhōu Jing (Gai) Wáng
周元王 Zhōu Yuan Wáng
周貞定王 Zhōu Zhending Wáng
周哀王 Zhōu Ai Wáng
周思王 Zhōu Si Wáng
周考王 Zhōu Kao Wáng
周威烈王 Zhōu Weilie Wáng
周安王 Zhōu An Wáng
周烈王 Zhōu Lie Wáng
周顯王 Zhōu Xian Wáng
周慎靚王 Zhōu Shenjing Wáng
周赧王 Zhōu Nan Wáng
Most culturally important (non-Biblical) events in Western history happened after around 400 BCE, ie. from the last quarter of the Zhou dynasty onwards. Classical Roman history takes place largely in the time of the Han and Jin dynasties (202 BCE – 420 CE), although the First Punic War took place as early as 264–241 BCE, when China was in the Warring States period.
Just been reading this article: Replacement of loanwords in Turkish - Wikipedia
I’ve been thinking of trying to pick some Turkish up.
Let’s try counting OGS’ game IDs in Roman numerals.
The vinculum, an overline, multiplies a number by a thousand.
I also tried introducing two new symbols: Y (5,000), and G (10,000).
The C Ɔ “parentheses” initially also multiply a number by a thousand, and then by ten times more with each additional pair.
| No. | vinculum & symbols | apostrophus | formatted apostrophus |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1,000,000 | M̄ | CCCCIƆƆƆƆ | ccccIɔɔɔɔ |
| 2,000,000 | M̄M̄ | CCCCIIƆƆƆƆ | ccccIIɔɔɔɔ |
| 3,000,000 | M̄M̄M̄ | CCCCIIIƆƆƆƆ | ccccIIIɔɔɔɔ |
| 4,000,000 | M̄Ȳ | CCCCIVƆƆƆƆ | ccccIVɔɔɔɔ |
| 5,000,000 | Ȳ | IƆƆƆƆ | Iɔɔɔɔ |
| 6,000,000 | ȲM̄ | CCCCVIƆƆƆƆ | ccccVIɔɔɔɔ |
| 7,000,000 | ȲM̄M̄ | CCCCVIIƆƆƆƆ | ccccVIIɔɔɔɔ |
| 8,000,000 | ȲM̄M̄M̄ | CCCCVIIIƆƆƆƆ | ccccVIIIɔɔɔɔ |
| 9,000,000 | M̄Ḡ | CCCCIXƆƆƆƆ | ccccIXɔɔɔɔ |
| 10,000,000 | Ḡ | CCCCXƆƆƆƆ | ccccXɔɔɔɔ |
| 11,000,000 | ḠM̄ | CCCCXIƆƆƆƆ | ccccXIɔɔɔɔ |
| 12,000,000 | ḠM̄M̄ | CCCCXIIƆƆƆƆ | ccccXIIɔɔɔɔ |
| 13,000,000 | ḠM̄M̄M̄ | CCCCXIIIƆƆƆƆ | ccccXIIIɔɔɔɔ |
| 14,000,000 | ḠM̄Ȳ | CCCCXIVƆƆƆƆ | ccccXIVɔɔɔɔ |
| 15,000,000 | ḠȲ | CCCCXƆƆƆƆƆ | ccccXɔɔɔɔɔ |
| 16,000,000 | ḠȲM̄ | CCCCXVIƆƆƆƆ | ccccXVIɔɔɔɔ |
| 17,000,000 | ḠȲM̄M̄ | CCCCXVIIƆƆƆƆ | ccccXVIIɔɔɔɔ |
| 18,000,000 | ḠȲM̄ | CCCCXVIIIƆƆƆƆ | ccccXVIIIɔɔɔɔ |
| 19,000,000 | ḠM̄Ḡ | CCCCXIXƆƆƆƆ | ccccXIXɔɔɔɔ |
| 20,000,000 | ḠḠ | CCCCXXƆƆƆƆ | ccccXXɔɔɔɔ |
| 21,000,000 | ḠḠM̄ | CCCCXXIƆƆƆƆ | ccccXXIɔɔɔɔ |
| 22,000,000 | ḠḠM̄M̄ | CCCCXXIIƆƆƆƆ | ccccXXIIɔɔɔɔ |
| 23,000,000 | ḠḠM̄M̄M̄ | CCCCXXIIIƆƆƆƆ | ccccXXIIIɔɔɔɔ |
| 24,000,000 | ḠḠM̄Ȳ | CCCCXXIVƆƆƆƆ | ccccXXIVɔɔɔɔ |
| 25,000,000 | ḠḠȲ | CCCCXXƆƆƆƆƆ | ccccXXVɔɔɔɔ |
| 26,000,000 | ḠḠȲM̄ | CCCCXXVIƆƆƆƆ | ccccXXVIɔɔɔɔ |
| 27,000,000 | ḠḠȲM̄M̄ | CCCCXXVIIƆƆƆƆ | ccccXXVIIɔɔɔɔ |
| 28,000,000 | ḠḠȲM̄M̄M̄ | CCCCXXVIIIƆƆƆƆ | ccccXXVIIIɔɔɔɔ |
| 29,000,000 | ḠḠM̄Ḡ | CCCCXXIXƆƆƆƆ | ccccXXIXɔɔɔɔ |
| 30,000,000 | ḠḠḠ | CCCCXXXƆƆƆƆ | ccccXXXɔɔɔɔ |
| 31,000,000 | ḠḠḠM̄ | CCCCXXXIƆƆƆƆ | ccccXXXIɔɔɔɔ |
| 30,945,029 | ḠḠḠC̄M̄X̄L̄V̄XXIX | CCCCXXXƆƆƆƆCCMXLVƆXXIX | ccccXXXɔɔɔɔ–cCMXLVɔ–XXIX |
Hope it’s ok to post this as it’s kinda self promotion…
I’ve been using LipSurf (Chrome plugin for voice recognition) to do my WaniKani lessons and reviews hands free using voice but wanted to be able to do the same with other flashcard sites. So I made plug-ins to be able to do that, for three other sites, and they are now semi officially being beta tested:
I thought perhaps it might be useful for someone here, if there’s anyone learning Japanese who for whatever reason cannot type or wants to avoid typing (I have quite bad RSI) Technically Kitsun.io supports other languages too although my code does not support them yet
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I was watching a Yeonwoo video today, and I noticed that she mis-stressed the name Serbia.
So, I thought I’d compile a list of the variously-stressed English country names. My highlighting, btw, isn’t meant to accurately delineate the syllable, it’s just a guide.
| Stress | Countries |
|---|---|
| Initial | Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, China, Comoros, Congo (DRC / ROC), Cuba, Cyprus, Czechia (Czech Republic), Denmark, East Timor (but Timor Leste), Ecuador, Egypt, Guinea (various), Fiji, Finland, (The) Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Haiti, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan (or Kazakhstan), Kenya, Kiribati, Kyrgyzstan (or Kyrgyzstan), Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Myanmar (or Myanmar), Nauru (or Nauru), (The) Netherlands, (The) Niger (or Niger), Norway, Palestine, Panama, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar (or Qatar), Russia, Rwanda, Serbia, Singapore (or Singapore), Suriname (or Suriname), Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Turkey, Uruguay, Yemen, Zambia |
| Secondary (intermediate) | Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Armenia, Australia, (The) Bahamas, Barbados, Bolivia, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Colombia, Croatia, Djibouti, Dominica, Estonia, Grenada, Guyana, Honduras, Israel (or Israel), Jamaica, Korea (N. / S.), Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritius, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, Romania, Samoa, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu (or Vanuatu), Zimbabwe |
| Tertiary (intermediate) | Argentina, Eritrea, Eswatini (formerly Swaziland), Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Lithuania, Madagascar, Mauritania, Micronesia, Montenegro, Nicaragua, (North) Macedonia, Tanzania, Venezuela |
| Final | Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Brazil, Brunei, Cameroon, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Kuwait, Mozambique, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan (or Pakistan), Palau, Peru, Senegal, Seychelles, Sudan, (The) Ukraine, Vietnam |
| Monosyllabic | Chad, France, Greece, Laos (or Laos), Spain |
| Multiple Words | Antigua and Barbuda, Bosnia and Herzegovina (or Herzegovina), Burkina Faso, Cabo (Cape) Verde, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Côte d’Ivoire, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Arabia, Sierra, Leone (or Leone), Sri Lanka, Trinidad and Tobago |
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Since it’s the Year of the Ox now, let’s discuss this word 牛, which is customarily translated ox but really has the wider meaning bovine, ie. ox, cow, bull, yak etc.
Firstly, where does the word ox originate? It’s a native Germanic (and thus Indo-European) word descended from Old English oxa, with cognates like Dutch os and German Ochse. It’s one of the few Modern English words to have retained the Old English “namen” (-en) pluralisation – ox, oxen.
Its paired adjective is bovine, from Latin bovínus – often in English, a Germanic noun will relate to a Latinate adjective. bovínus comes from bós (cow, bull, ox) and the suffix -ínus (-ine, -like).
At five strokes, 牛 is one of the simplest hanzi and is, in fact, a Kangxie radical. Like many simple hanzi, it’s apparently a pictogram. This is unusual for hanzi as a whole, which are mainly phonosemantic compounds. Wiktionary can show us a visual evolution of the character, which especially shows how the “horns” of the ox were previously more realistic.
In Standard Chinese, 牛 is pronounced niú (ㄋㄧㄡˊ), with the second (rising) tone.
In Japanese, 牛 is one of the Joyo kanji, the 2,136 “regular-use characters” most recently formalised in 2010. It has the kunyomi (Japonic) reading うし ushi. According to Wiktionary, it also has three on’yomi (Sino-Japanese) readings.
The go-on (呉音) or “Wu” reading is ぐ gu, the kan-on (漢音) or “Han” reading is ぎゅう gyū, and the kan’yō-on (慣用音) or “customary” reading is ご go.
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It really seems quite odd that “ox” caught on as the customary translation into English. In a lot of usage and contexts, “bull” would be more appropriate and carry better connotations. Especially, a phrase like “Year of the Bull” seems much better and aligns well with expressions in Chinese hoping for a “bullish year”. Other slang usages of 牛 in Chinese would be much better translated to “bullish” rather than “ox-ish” or “cow-ish”.
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Not to mention that the translation of 牛 as bull would be a better mirror to the Taurus of the Western zodiac.
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This is something else I find odd about English: you perceive these as pairs. Horse-equine, cat-feline, dog-canine. German knows these words too, but they are restricted to medical terms (e.g. bovine spongiforme Enzephalopathie). I can totally understand if a Romance language percieves these as pairs. But I guess if your animals change their name as soon as they are on a plate, it’s perfectly in line to have romance adjectives with it.
German has the ability to make adjectives from animals, but these work in a different way. hündisch is “in the manner of a dog”, not “related to dogs”.
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hündisch is “in the manner of a dog”, not “related to dogs”.
There are similar examples in English:
dog → dogged, which means “persistent”. This has two syllables, ie. “doggëd”, and shouldn’t be confused with a person who is being dogged by (pursued) by something. canine (“related to dogs”) is, like a lot of Latinate words, the high-register equivalent to low-register Germanic words, like doggy or doggish.
wolf → wolfish, meaning something like “rapacious”.
bull → bullish (“confident, assertive”)
spider → spidery. This is usually used of handwriting, meaning “spindly” or perhaps “crooked”.
The rule of thumb is, I think, that if you want a fairly un-nuanced, mid-register adjective then you should reach for -like or, failing that, -ish. -y can risk being too low-register sometimes (or “ironically low-register”), the Latinate adjectives too high at others.
-ish “integrates more” with the word and provides a slightly better flow than -like, but it can’t be appropriately added to every name. It should, probably, also be used more sparingly.
I don’t think -some or -ful can be applied to animals. I don’t think -esque can either, and if it can then it seems like it should only be used with Latinate names, eg. dragonesque. In that case, though, I’d naturally reach for a truly Latinate adjective: a dragon is draconic.
There’s also -ian: a crocodile is crocodilian, an ape is simian.
Outside the realm of animals, let’s also not forget -ial: a minister is ministerial, a president is presidential, and a governor even gubernatorial. Actually, we could say a raptor is raptorial, but raptorial maintains more its original sense of “grasping (by force)”, in both a literal and figurative sense.
elephant can take -ine (elephantine) since it’s already a word derived from Latin, though this also has the meaning of “very large”. There’s also apparently a word elephantic (note that this is, again, a Latinate suffix for a Latinate name) though I can’t remember ever seeing that one in the wild.
If we’re on the subject of adjectives in general, English has also adopted the Arabic nisba suffix -i. This suffix is applied widely to West Asian 1 country names: Iraq is Iraqi, from Yemen Yemeni, Oman Omani, Bahrain Bahraini and Qatari Qatari. Azerbaijan also pairs with Azerbaijani, Israel with Israeli, and Nepal with Nepali (although perhaps Nepalese is more common).
This use also extends to all -stan countries and regions, even where the dominant language is not Arabic. Iran, though, has no Iranis but only Iranians. Even for Arabic countries, -i usage is replaced in Africa by -(i)an: Morocco → Moroccan, Tunisia → Tunisian, Egypt → Egyptian. Since all these names have passed through a Latinate phase before entering English, it makes sense that they use the Roman -(i)an suffix.
There’s my next idea, a table of countries and adjectives…
1 I consider West Asia (or “Indo-Arabia”) and East Asia (or “the Orient”) as sovereign continents, even more so than North and South America, due to their greatly different linguistic, religious, and racial makeups which exceed those between either the modern or, probably, the pre-Columbian Americas.
I regard them as divided by the Himalayas, like Europe is divided from Asian Russia by the Urals.
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I saw your post
it made me fall asleep sometime right before we arrived home, and almost immediately been waked up again to get out of the car.
Since you post here a fair bit, I thought you might be interested in a discussion of this word wake.
As I understand it, the menagerie looks like this. Note that a- forms can’t take up. So I woke her up is fine, as is I awoke her, but not I awoke her up.
It’s a very old and messy Germanic word, with ablaut and the old productive -a prefix.
| word | tense | rarity | senses |
|---|---|---|---|
| wake | present | common | I wake, I wake her |
| wakes | present | common | he wakes, he wakes her |
| waked | past | rare? – never read it | I waked, I waked her |
| woke | past | common | I woke, I woke her |
| woken | past | common | I was woken (passive) |
| waking | participle | common | waking (up) is hard, waking her (up) is hard |
| — | |||
| waken | present | rare | I waken, I waken her |
| wakened | past | rare | I wakened, I wakened her |
| wakening | participle | rare | wakening her up is hard |
| — | |||
| awake | present | mid-rare as verb | I awake, I am awake (adj.) |
| awakes | present | mid-rare | he awakes, he awakes her |
| awaked | past | rare, US | I awaked, he awaked her (?) |
| awoke | past | common | he awoke |
| awoken | past | common | I was awoken (passive) |
| awaking | participle | rare | awaking is hard, awaking her is hard |
| — | |||
| awaken | present | common | I awaken, I awaken her |
| awakens | present | common | he awakens, he awakens her |
| awakened | past | common | I awakened, I awakened her, I was awakened (passive) |
| awakening | participle | mid-rare as verb | awakening is hard, awakening her is hard (also as n.) |
I heard plenty of people use “waked” though. Maybe it is a regional or American English or something. Transition from irregular to regular form for some communities.
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Probably American English, yeah. I’m a British English speaker.
Especially “WOKE” has taken some additional meanings nowadays as a slang term, might push speakers, especially on the west coast to distinguish them. When I heard woke this would pop up in my head
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I specifically avoided mentioning that foolish and tiresome coining, since I didn’t want to grace it with a place in my table :P
It’s one of the most silly words to come out of the last decade, which is sayng something.
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Then again, to the originators of “thot”, “simp”, “thicc”, and so forth, “woke” is almost a literate term…
Hey-ho, we live in degenerating times, after all – the Golden Age English is becoming Silver?
What word do you use when someone died and you stay around them overnight?
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I stumbled on an interesting article:
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil's_garden:
… a devil’s garden (Kichwa supay chakra) is a large stand of treesin the Amazon rainforest consisting of at most three tree species and the ant Myrmelachista schumanni [the lemon ant].
Devil’s gardens can reach up to sizes of 600 trees and are inhabited by a single ant colony, containing up to 3 million workers and 15,000 queens. The relationship between tree and ant may persist for more than 800 years.
The mutualistic symbiosis between the ant (…) and the tree Duroia hirsuta [the lemon ant tree] begins when an ant queen colonizes an isolated tree. The ants make nesting sites in the hollow stems and leaves of the tree, called domatia [plural of domatium, from domus]. The ants eliminate competition for the tree by poisoning all plants, except the host tree, with formic acid. Because other plants are killed off, D. hirsuta saplings are able to grow and the ant colony is able to expand.
Although the ants fend off herbivores, the size of the garden is restricted by leaf destruction increasing as it expands, as the ants are unable to defend the trees beyond a certain point.
Devil’s gardens got their name because locals believed that an evil forest spirit Chullachaki [Chullachaqui] (“unpaired chulla foot chaki”) or Chuyathaqi lived in them. He is generally described as short and ugly, with one leg shorter than the other and one foot either larger than the other, pointed backward or in the form of a hoof.
Post 1234! Sequences are nice.
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