Would you like the exercises to be:
- More modern
- More Japanese
- Just the same
0 voters
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Ohhh, good grammar workout, this one is going to be hard!
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“Celtic collar rings writed be.” “Red gems and amethysts the cut be” What by Jove is that supposed to mean? Please explain, why you think a) the nominative singular masculine of the participles is appropriate, and b) why you feel the need to include an infinitive.
Please note my purposely bad “writed”.
Volumina antiqua works better. A volumen literally is “a rolled up thing”.
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Wiktionary gives torquis (root of torquēs) as “chaplet, collar, necklace, ring, wreath”. I figured I could use it in its fourth sense. Is there a better term for ring?
Then I looked at https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Latin_third_conjugation#Participles, where it says “Perfect passive: tēctus esse (“to have been covered”)” and used that as my base. I know, I have to go back to your post and read about the participles again – I must remember to inflect them! I’ll redo this since it’s clear I stil don’t understand (which is fine 
)
Is there an infinitive there??
Also, thanks for the note about pergamēna.
You have it there: tectus esse “to have been covered.” The “covered” part is only tectus. We call this form the Participle Perfect Passive, short PPP. The PPP, together with the forms of esse as auxiliary forms the passive voice of the perfect tense, much as in english. tectus sum “I have been covered”, tecti sumus “we have been covered” (or: I am covered, we are covered).
There is no Participle Perfect Active in Latin, but in Greek: pepaideukōs, ‘one, who has been educating’.
Latin has furthermore a Participle Present Active PPA corresponding to the english -ing form: laborans, -ntis “working”. Also, a Participle Future Active PFA: laboraturus, -i “about to work”.
You see how not all possibilities are explored in Latin. Greek has participles for all aspects (rather than tenses) and all voices.
I know torquis mostly from Celtic archeology, where it’s the neck-rings worn by nobles. A fingerring is an anulus. Anulorum Erus - Vicipaedia
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I couldn’t think of what to do now… so I’ve made a 100-Noun Mega-Challenge
Food: bread, fruit, soup, beef, pork, chicken, vegetables, cake, fish, honey
Drink: water, wine, beer, cider, whisky, juice, lemonade, tea, coffee, milk
Entertainment: music, dancer, jester, juggler, circus, tavern, brothel, stadium, theatre, play
Geography: city, town, port, road, river, mountain, hill, coast, plain, island
Transport: horse, ox, cart, litter, bicycle, car, train, plane, ship, ferry
The Sea: wave, seawater, gull, albatross, anchovy, tuna, squid, mussel, clam, coral
Hierarchy: emperor, king, nobleman, priest, merchant, servant, slave, criminal, prisoner, leper
Profession: butcher, baker, builder, cook, soldier, author, actor, scholar, painter, sculptor
Treasure: sapphire, emerald, ruby, amethyst, diamond, opal, jet, ivory, platinum, gold
Education: teacher, student, desk, pencil, pen, ink, chalk, lecture, exercise, knowledge
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Food
| English | Nom. sg. | Nom. pl. | Gen. sg. |
|---|---|---|---|
| bread | pānis | n/a | -is |
| fruit | frūctus | = | = |
| soup | iūs | -ūra | -ūris |
| beef | būbula | -ae | = |
| pork | petasiō | -ōnes | ōnis |
| chicken | gallīna | -ae | = |
| vegetable | holus | -era | -eris |
| cake | crustulum | -a | -ī |
| fish | piscis | -ēs | -is |
| honey | mel | -la | -lis |
Drink
| English | Nom. sg. | Nom. pl. | Gen. sg. |
|---|---|---|---|
| water | aqua | -ae | = |
| wine | vīnum | -a | -ī |
| beer | cervesia | -ae | = |
| cider | sīcera | -ae | = |
| whisky | vischium | -ia | -iī |
| juice | sūcus | -ī | = |
| lemonade | limonāta | -ae | = |
| tea | thea | -ae | = |
| coffee | cafea | -ae | = |
| milk | lac | n/a | -tis |
Entertainment
| English | Nom. sg. | Nom. pl. | Gen. sg. |
|---|---|---|---|
| music | mūsica | -ae | = |
| dancer | saltātor | -ōrēs | ōris |
| jester | caulātor | -ōrēs | ōris |
| juggler | aeruscātor | -ōrēs | ōris |
| circus | circus | -ī | = |
| tavern | taberna | -ae | = |
| brothel | stabulum | -a | -ī |
| stadium | stadium | -a | -ī |
| theatre | theātrum | -a | -ī |
| play | fābula | -ae | = |
Geography
| English | Nom. sg. | Nom. pl. | Gen. sg. |
|---|---|---|---|
| city | urbs | -ēs | -is |
| town | mūnicipium | -ia | -iī |
| port | portus | -ūs | = |
| road | via | -ae | = |
| river | flūmen | -ina | -inis |
| mountain | mōns | -tēs | -tis |
| hill | collis | -ēs | -is |
| coast | ōra | -ae | = |
| plain | campus | -ī | -ī |
| island | īnsula | -ae | = |
Transport
| English | Nom. sg. | Nom. pl. | Gen. sg. |
|---|---|---|---|
| horse | equus | -ī | = |
| ox | bōs | -vēs | -vis |
| cart | currus | -ūs | = |
| litter | sella | -ae | = |
| bicycle | birota | -ae | = |
| car | autoraeda | -ae | = |
| train | tramen | -ina | -inis |
| plane | āeroplanum | -a | -ī |
| ship | nāvigium | -ia | iī |
| ferry | pontō | -ōnes | -ōnis |
The Sea
| English | Nom. sg. | Nom. pl. | Gen. sg. |
|---|---|---|---|
| wave | unda | -ae | = |
| seawater | mare | -ia | -is |
| gull | larus | -ī | = |
| albatross | diomēdus* | -ī | = |
| anchovy | sardīna | -ae | = |
| tuna | thunnus | -ī | = |
| squid | polypus | -ī | = |
| mussel | mūscellus | -ī | = |
| clam | pelōris | -idēs | -idis |
| coral | corallium | -ia | -iī |
(*) Improvisation from Diomedeidae, a taxonomic group
Hierarchy
| English | Nom. sg. | Nom. pl. | Gen. sg. |
|---|---|---|---|
| emperor | imperātor | -ōrēs | -ōris |
| king | rex | -gēs | -gis |
| nobleman | procer | -rēs | -ris |
| priest | sacerdōs | -ōtēs | -ōtis |
| merchant | mercātor | -ōrēs | -ōris |
| servant | assecula | -ae | = |
| slave | servus | -ī | -ī |
| criminal | sōns | -tēs | -tis |
| prisoner | captīvus | -ī | = |
| leper | leprōsus | -ī | -ī |
Profession
| English | Nom. sg. | Nom. pl. | Gen. sg. |
|---|---|---|---|
| butcher | lanius | -iī | = |
| baker | pistor | -ōrēs | -ōris |
| cook | coquus | -ī | = |
| soldier | mīlēs | -itēs | -itis |
| author | condītor | -ōrēs | -ōris |
| actor | artifex | -icēs | -icis |
| scholar | scholasticus | -ī | -ī |
| painter | pictor | -ōrēs | -ōris |
| sculptor | sculptor | -ōrēs | -ōris |
Treasure
| English | Nom. sg. | Nom. pl. | Gen. sg. |
|---|---|---|---|
| sapphire | sapphīrus | -ī | = |
| emerald | smaragdus | -ī | = |
| ruby | rubīnus | -ī | = |
| amethyst | amethystus | -ī | |
| diamond | adamās | -antēs | -antis |
| opal | opalus | -ī | = |
| jet | gagātēs | -ae | = |
| ivory | ebur | -ora | -oris |
| platinum | platīnum | -a | -ī |
| gold | aurum | -a | -ī |
Education
| English | Nom. sg. | Nom. pl. | Gen. sg. |
|---|---|---|---|
| teacher | praeceptor | -ōrēs | -ōris |
| student | discipulus | -ī | = |
| desk | pulpitum | -a | -ī |
| pencil | stilus | -ī | = |
| pen | as above | ||
| ink | ātrāmentum | -a | -ī |
| chalk | calx | -cēs | -cis |
| lecture | audītiō | -ōnēs | -ōnis |
| exercise | exercitium | -ia | -iī |
| knowledge | scienta | -ae | = |
I’ve noticed a few things lately about Latin spelling variants.
- e varies with i when it’s before a u
- b varies with p
- h can be used or not used
- consonants can be doubled or undoubled
So, this might reveal some information about accent variation if a proper research study was made. Probably it already has been, many years ago.
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I just looked at the vocabulary. The genus name for albatrosses goes back to a personal name Diomedes, the Greek hero at Troy. A scholar mighs as well be a philologus or a vir sapiens. A nobleman is vir nobilis. Procer means primarily ‘descendent’, if I’m not mistaken.
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Yeah, I knew the root of the genus name – although, not the reason for it.
I actually spent several minutes trying to find the right word for scholar. It was my most difficult translation out of the whole thing. There seemed to be a lot of near-homonyms, but none of them seemed to actually be a Classical Latin word with the definition “scholar”.
For instance, I went to https://latin-dictionary.net/ and I found philologus defined as scholar. I went to double-check this on Wiktionary, and there was no entry. So, I looked up English philologist there and the first definition was as a “historical linguist”. Somehow I missed the second listed sense of “a person devoted to general learning and literature”.
Wiktionary gave procer as “noble(s), prince(s), chief(s)” which is what Latdict also suggests.
@Vsotvep Would you like to do the honours of rolling 1d65 and 1d9 for today’s script spotlight?
435: generated by random.org
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Today’s script is Bamum, a writing system invented by the King of Cameroon!
I was actually reading about this yesterday.
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I was thinking a little about an hour ago: what were the ten most historically important world languages?
My list ended up looking like this:
- Ancient Greek. The spring of Classical Western culture.
- Latin. Foundation of the Romance dialect continuum and transmitter of many of the Greek terms.
- Spanish. The dominant speech of Latin America for some 400-500 years.
- English. The current global prestige language, and has been so for ~150 years.
- Sanskrit. The base of a lot of Indian language and culture.
- Egyptian. Spoken for a great length of time in one of the most powerful states.
- Arabic. Has preserved a lot of ancient Semitic and Middle Eastern words over a large speakership.
- “Chinese”. Insofar as we consider only a single Chinese language, it is here for obvious reasons.
- Nahuatl. The language of the Aztecs.
- Mayan. The second half of the Meso-American sprachbund.
Honourable mentions to Aramaic, Hebrew, and French.
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What was you measure for historical importance? I agree with the selection of languages, although I would give French and/or Spanish a place within the top ten. I am, however, not sure about the ranking itself. French was THE language of continental European diplomacy between the Pyrenees and the Ural from the 17th-19th century. Aramaic was the lingua franca of the middle east; the three official languages of the Achaemenids were Aramaic, Persian and Elamic (speaking of Elamic, I’ve got a friend who’s about to decipher Elamic linear script).
So, tell me, in your own words, what you’ve learned about Latin participles.
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They’re not in order of ranking. They’re in a different arrangement that I’ll let you figure out 
The numbers were misleading…
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Well, the’re all languages of Empires of some sort. Then, you could include Russian and Mongolian, or even Turkic.
Aaaalright, today’s Vocabulary Workout is about The Home.
Vocab Workout
1 - 5: floor, wall, roof, window, door
6 - 10: pillar, porch, cellar, chimney, fountain
11-15: carpet, tiles, mosaic, painting, decoration
16 - 20: table, chair, stool, couch, bed
And the Grammar Workout is about Possession.
Grammar Workout
- Hold your (pl.) ground!
- We are their prisoners.
- Our city is defended.
- My feet are sore.
- His schemes are wicked.
- I heard her voice.
- Your (sg.) food is excellent.
I wouldn’t consider any of those to be on the same level. They haven’t had a significant impact on other major languages.
Maybe it’s a cultural thing. I think even your anglic preception of a scholar differs from my Gelehrter. When I look up philologus in my dictionary, it gives me .1. Gelehrter, 2. Philologe. The first “philologoi” were simply people who liked texts, like “philosophoi” liked thinking and being wise. Now, at the library of Alexandria, the “philologoi” were the scholars who emended and edited texts from Homer and the other poets to establish an original wording, kicking out additions by later poets. Then, the word stayed to designate people with interest in texts and books, quite generally, but also in a professional way. So when the treatment of historical texts with the goal to establish good editions became a thing again after the invention of the printing press, the philologists were again the people who established a text that one could print and publish to general use by scholars. And that’s what me and my colleagues still do, among other things.
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