Having said that we know very little about where these exact sentences came from, we also have a few clues that might lead more ancient roots. In the same History of Song (宋史), it also described a rarely known work that didn’t survive, but recorded its “brief”.
慎修善弈棋,太宗屢召對弈,因作《棋說》以獻。大抵謂:「棋之道在乎恬默,而取舍為急。仁則能全,義則能守,禮則能變,智則能兼,信則能克。君子知斯五者,庶幾可以言棋矣。」因舉十要以明其義,太宗覽而稱善。
It came from a biography section about a rarely known scholar/Go master(?) named 潘慎修, who lived in the late 10th century, just at the end the great divide era between the Tang and Song dynasties to the beginning of the Song dynasty. And he was summoned by the 2nd emperor of the Song dynasty (who was famous for loving weiqi and had many stories about him and weiqi in history) to play weiqi with him.
潘慎修 said to contribute his work called “棋說” (an explanation of Weiqi) to the emperor, and listed the brief of the work (here is a translation of it). The key phrases seemed to be the first two sentences 棋之道在乎恬默,而取舍為急, roughly translated using more in terms of weiqi, as the way of weiqi is about patience and not starting a fight unnecessarily (don’t be hasty), and the most crucial to known when to take and sacrifice (sound familar?)
However, the second half of the brief is more or less not so much “applicable” to weiqi, using the common trope in Confucianism 5 virtues 五常 (仁,智,禮,義, 信), as guidance to stay whole (全), defense (守), variability/flexibility(變), balance (兼), counter/overcome hardship (克). Which is somewhat typical in the Song and Ming Era, at the height of Confucianism (everything has to be related to it to get the attention of the Emperor).
What is more interesting is what it says after the brief. It says “因舉十要以明其義,太宗覽而稱善”. 潘慎修 listed 10 important key points to explain the meaning of his works, and when the Emperor read these and praised them. This is probably the first time chronologically we find sources describe something akin to some 10 key points/phrases, and from the brief, they seemed to be about a work that is very high-level and abstract, and seemed to be able to apply to more than just weiqi. We had records about works of weiqi before the 10th century, and they mostly seemed to be very " mundane" and practical, using weiqi specific terms. The 10 sentences that had so many interpretations seemed to be quite unique among them (even the words used are quite unusual, more poetry-like). The likelihood of something being recorded and surviving is also higher when it was associated with an emperor.
(However, since the original full works 棋說 didn’t survive, we have nothing to compare them to, and the source said nothing about where the 10 key points came from or what they were, it is still likely that they were well known at the time already, and just used to explain his work, and where they came from might still be unknown)