Also, in the process of study I hit a great couple of words in Old English:
nihtgenga, “nocturnal monster” nihtgenge, hyena
So this makes me wonder: why was it that English people 1,000 years ago wanted to talk about hyenas but couldn’t use a Latin loanword? Perhaps nihtgenga coincidentally aligned with a calque “night-walker” (which is what the word actually means) from Arabic or a Berber language?
I think that’s against the rules, but it’s happened a few times and I’m not bothered. To be honest, I think all the rulesets are basically opt-in at this point.
I think it’s interesting to look through the words in this thread and figure out how they’ve changed, from what I’ve identified so far as eight processes.
Naturalisation Phonetic evolution Inflection Synthesis (sometimes in the service of calque) Syllabic-root generation Invention Back-formation Hyper-correction
There’s a textbook by Lyle Campbell, Introduction to Linguistics that I must’ve sold or given away, or lend out, and I don’t have it anymore. He makes a list of processes of how word evolve. There’s also Grammaticalisation, that you could put into your list. It’s what happened to the future tense of romance words:
amare habeo ‘to love I have’
with a vulgar latin variant ho, has, hat to habeo, habes, habet
gives way to amare-ho, amare-has, amare-hat
which will give way to aimerai, aimeras, aimera in French, for example, and also in other Romance languages. A vestigial of this process is the fact, that Portuguese allows you to insert a direct pronoun between the verb and the ending.